These pictures are from a 1937 booklet published in Moscow in 1937. Mechanical broadcasting continued until the launch of electronic broadcasting in late 1937. Station VCSPS in Moscow broadcast from 1932 to 1937.

The Russian standard was 30 lines, horizontal scanning, with phonic synchronization. This is the same standard used in Germany and France in the early 30s.

Eckhard Etzold discovered another early Russian book on television in St. Petersburg. It has articles describing a 30 line mirror screw receiver and a disk receiver. These receivers also use horizontal scanning and phonic synchronization. The book was published in 1938.